USGBC is also developing LEED for Healthcare, and LEED for Labs.

We also have the LEED Resources page which has informative PowerPoint presentations, brochures,  and case studies,  as well as LEED News and LEED-Online sample credit templates.

How is LEED Developed?
The LEED Rating System was created to transform the built environment to sustainability by providing the building industry with consistent, credible standards for what constitutes a green building. The rating system is developed and continuously refined via an open, consensus-based process that has made LEED the green building standard of choice for Federal agencies and state and local governments nationwide. Click here for more information on the LEED Development Process.

What is LEED Certification?
The first step to LEED certification is to Register your project. A project is a viable candidate for LEED certification if it can meet all prerequisites and achieve the minimum number of points to earn the Certified level of LEED project certification. To earn certification, a building project must meet certain prerequisites and performance benchmarks ("credits") within each category. Projects are awarded Certified, Silver, Gold, or Platinum certification depending on the number of credits they achieve. This comprehensive approach is the reason LEED-certified buildings have reduced operating costs, healthier and more productive occupants, and conserve our natural resources.

Note for Product Manufacturers and Service Providers:
Although USGBC does not certify, promote, or endorse products and services of individual companies, products and services do play a role and can help projects with credit achievement. (Note that products and services do not earn projects points.) Learn more here about how you and your company can help advance green building, while also achieving your own environmental and economic goals.

Who Can Use LEED?
Everyone: Architects, real estate professionals, facility managers, engineers, interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, lenders, government officials...

The LEED program also includes a full suite of training workshops and a Professional Accreditation program to develop and encourage green building expertise across the entire building industry.

Questions?
Visit the LEED Help section of our website.

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Light pollution wastes billions of dollars and vast quantities of natural resources annually. It also robs us of our heritage of star-filled skies. I am committed to fighting light pollution. I offer the widest selection of ordinance compliant, night sky friendly and neighbor friendly outdoor lighting for your home or business. Think about it: If you're not installing friendly outdoor lights, what exactly are you installing?

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Checkout our new Outdoor Lighting Blog for news you can use on lights, lighting and light pollution

Total Lunar Eclipse - Wow! What a beautiful site… that’s the first thought that comes to mind when I try to describe this mornings total lunar eclipse.
Visionaire Lighting - is a leading outdoor lighting manufacturer offering a wide selection of night sky friendly specification grade architectural and decorative luminaires and poles.

Commercial Lighting Solutions - Starry Night Lights has a wide range of sky friendly commercial lighting solutions to offer our diverse customers. From such industry leading manufacturers as Visionaire Lighting, LSI Lighting Solutions, Hadco Lighting, GE Lighting Systems, and others we’ve assembled an expansive array of lighting choices.

Chandeliers - have been used for centuries to light up interior areas. Traditionally, the chandelier was an inventive way to light an entire area with a set of eight to twenty four candles that hung from the ceiling to create an efficient light source.

Sky Friendly Outdoor Lighting Is Catching On! - The reality of light pollution is beginning to catch on around the United States. Dark Sky Lighting Ordinances and glorified Dark Sky Communities are popping up all over the place.

Sea Gull Lighting - Energy Star Partner Of The Year (again) - Sea Gull Lighting is proud to be ENERGY STAR’S Partner of the Year and Sustained Excellence Winner for 2007.

Perseid Meteor Shower of 2007 - I got out to observe the annual Perseid Meteor Shower again this year (2007). What was not expected was the beautiful weather and the lack of lunar interference in the event.

Security Lighting: Where’s The Guarantee - We’ve all seen the claims that you should light your home up like Fort Knox so that you can sleep safely at night. It seems that there are as many security claims as their are security lights. Have you ever seen a security guarantee provided with one of these security lights?

Motion Sensors: It Just Makes Sense! - Outdoor lighting is important for a lot of homeowners. If you prefer readily available lighting around the clock, motion sensors may be the perfect option for you.

The Effects of Light Pollution on the Animal Kingdom - Everyone knows that any outdoor light is usually surrounded by an assortment of insects. No one really stops to think about the effect the lights have on these insects... or on other animals.

Outdoor Lighting: Are your lights giving off TOO much light? - Lighting at night seems to be a no brainer. We light up our sidewalks so you can see where you are walking and our roads to assist night time driving.

Light Pollution: Where are the stars? - The sparkling lights of Salt Lake City are a spectacular site as you come down the canyon from a day of skiing in the Wasatch Mountains. As the stars twinkle overhead at 8000 feet of elevation the last thing on your mind is how would I feel if the stars were invisible, because there they are as clear as day.

Sea Gull Lighting - Sky Friendly AND Energy Efficient - Looking for dark sky light fixtures but can’t seem to find the right design for your home? Seagull lighting has very attractive designs for both the exterior and interior of your house.

RAB Shy Shade To The Rescue - I'm really excited to tell you that we've added the RAB Shy Shade to our collection of outdoor light shades.

The Hidden Costs of Outdoor Lighting - Anybody who's ever received an electric bill knows that lighting your home or business can be fairly expensive. Well, the bill you get from the power company is only a small portion of the total cost. Society foots the bill for a number of 'hidden' costs.

Copper Light Fixtures For Your Home Or Business - Copper, always a popular choice of material for light fixtures, is exploding in popularity. It seems that homeowners and builders just can't get enough of this timeless material.

Light Pollution Contributes To Global Warming - Many people think that light pollution is a problem that only affects astronomers. Not true. Light pollution contributes significantly to global warming.

Neighbor Friendly Address Lights For Your Home - Many communities have requirements that homes and business display their addresses clearly and visibly on the fronts of their buildings.

National Dark Sky Week - Skywatchers are in for a treat. Today marks the start of National Dark Sky Week, an event designed to get people to turn off outdoor lights and get outside to appreciate the wonders of the night sky

Sea Turtle Friendly Outdoor Lighting Workshop - Starry Night Lights is proud to announce its participation in this years Sea Turtle Friendly Outdoor Lighting Workshop being hosted by the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida.

Natural Bridges Named First International Dark Sky Park - I really like the way this press release starts out… “Nearly 100,000 people stop at Natural Bridges National Monument in southeast Utah each year but only a fraction of those visitors see its most spectacular vistas. That’s because you can only see them at night.
Preserving The Rural Mountain Environment - That was the goal of county leaders 10 years ago when they enacted outdoor lighting ordinances. Why are there so fewer stars in the night sky now?

Residential Lighting Update - Virtually every house in the country has exterior light fixtures at the doors and/or garage. Typically, very little thought has gone into their selection. If you'd like the night time look of your home to be as warm and inviting as you are, an upgrade to your outdoor lights just might do the trick.
Exterior Lighting Trends - There have been some significant changes of late in the world of exterior lighting. Glaring glass fixtures are out. Friendly, real metal fixtures are in.

Landscape Lighting Tips - Drive around for a while and you'll quickly realize that a small number of landscape lighting techniques drive a large percentage of designs.

What's The Opposite Of 'Sky Friendly' Outdoor Lighting? - With all the talk about friendly outdoor lighting, you may be surprised to learn that most outdoor lighting in use today is actually very unfriendly.

Copper Landscape Lighting - Copper is the ideal choice for landscape lighting. Why copper? Copper is a natural metal that has a time tested immunity to oxidation.

How To Install A Direct Burial Light Post - Post mounted light fixtures are popular in many areas. Many times, however, the light posts don't come with any kind of mounting hardware and instead make use of a direct burial installation method.

Bright Lights Come To Pinebrook - When most people think of light pollution, they think of big cities and mile upon glaring mile of bright, glaring lights. They certainly don't have images of Pinebrook in their mind's eye.

What's Your Excuse? - It seems there are as many reasons for contributing to light pollution as there are light polluters. Every light polluter has a "special" reason why what they're doing is "ok" or at least should be overlooked.

Motion Sensors Make More Sense - We’ve all seen homes and business with their exterior lights on from dusk to dawn. It’s (unfortunately) a very common practice. The first thought that comes to my mind is… what a terrible waste :-\ A waste of money…. a waste of valuable natural resources… a waste of the night.

Energy Efficient Fluorescent Lighting - Starry Night Lights is excited to add Magnaray International to its stable of night sky friendly outdoor lighting solutions. Magnaray is a leader in fluorescent lighting solutions. Fluorescent lights, as you’re likely well aware, are an incredibly energy efficient

A Beginners Guide To Light Pollution - Light pollution is a problem that affects much of the world’s population. In a nutshell, light pollution is misdirected or misused light generally resulting from an inappropriate application of outdoor lighting.

10 Easy Steps to Reduce Light Pollution - Light pollution is a growing worldwide problem. Fortunately, it is also one of the easiest pollutions to clean up. The following are a few easy steps that you can take to help reduce the effects of light pollution on our planet.
6 Reasons Why You Need To Help Me Fight Light Pollution - Light pollution is a wasteful habit that provides nothing positive to society all while it threatens us on a number of very fundamental levels.

Commercial Lighting - Commercial outdoor lighting accounts for a huge percentage of all the light used at night. Its also a huge contributor to the light pollution that's enveloping our society.

An Explosion of Light - It happened so slowly that we didn’t really even notice it. It’s been a part of our lives for so long that we’ve taken it for granted. Little by little, light by light, we have virtually eliminated the night from large portions of the globe. Find out how improper nighttime lighting is robbing us of star-filled skies...

Interior Lighting, Too! - Starry Night Lights has now begun to offer interior lighting, too. It’s true. Read on....

Why Does The Sky Glow At Night? - Have you ever noticed that the night sky is no longer inky black and full of stars like it used to be? Have you noticed the strange orangish glow that's replaced it? The strange orangy glow is a form of light pollution referred to as sky glow.

Introducing LSI Lighting Solutions - We held back in announcing this until we had time to get the website properly loaded, but... we're really excited to tell you about the newest addition to Starry Night Lights collection of night sky friendly outdoor lights... from none other than industry giant, LSI Lighting Solutions.

The Continuing Spread of Light Pollution - Its unfortunate that so many people just don’t get it. We seem to feel the need to over light everything...



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• Ten things you didn't know about Wikipedia • Epact
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The epact (from Greek: epaktai hèmerai = added days) is, as the second Canon of the Gregorian calendar reform puts it, "nothing else than the number of days by which the common solar year of 365 days surpasses the common lunar year of 354 days" (Latin: Epacta nihil aliud est quam numerus dierum quibus annus solaris communis dierum 365 annum communem lunarem dierum 354 superat).

Contents [hide]
1 Lunar calendar
1.1 Solar and lunar years
1.2 19-year cycle
1.3 Lilian (Gregorian) epacts
2 See also
3 External links



[edit] Lunar calendar
Epacts are used to find the date in the lunar calendar from the date in the common solar calendar.


[edit] Solar and lunar years
A (solar) calendar year usually has 365 days (366 days in leap years). A lunar year usually has 12 synodic months, that last about 29½ days (and a bit) on average. So the lunar year has months that start with the New Moon and alternate between 30 and 29 days in length, and the lunar year is counted to have 12 × 29.5 = 354 days. So the solar year is 11 days longer than the lunar year.

Suppose a solar and lunar year start at the same day. At the start of the next solar year, already 11 days of the new lunar year have passed. After two years the difference has accumulated to 22: the start of the lunar months fall 11 days earlier into the solar calendar each year. These days in excess of the solar year over the lunar year are called epacts. You have to add them to the day of the solar year to know the day in the lunar year. Whenever the epact reaches or exceeds 30, an extra (so-called embolismic or intercalary) month has to be inserted into the lunar calendar; then 30 has to be subtracted from the epact.

What about leap days? These are ignored in the computation. Leap days get inserted into the lunar calendar month in which they fall, extending them from 29 to 30 days or even from 30 to 31 days. So the next lunar month starts at the same solar calendar date as without a leap day and can be ignored.


[edit] 19-year cycle
The tropical year is about 1/4 day longer than 365 days, but the synodic month is also longer than 29½ days. This gets corrected in the following way. 19 tropical years are as long as 235 synodic months (Metonic cycle). A cycle can last 6939 or 6940 full days, depending on whether there are 4 or 5 leap days in this 19-year period.

After 19 years the lunations should fall the same way in the solar years, so the epact should repeat after 19 years. However, 19 × 11 = 209 , and this is not an integer multiple of the full cycle of 30 epact numbers (209 modulo 30 = 29, not 0). So after 19 years the epact must be corrected by +1 in order for the cycle to repeat over 19 years. This is the so-called saltus lunae. The sequence number of the year in the 19-year cycle is called the Golden Number. The extra 209 days fill 7 embolismic months, for a total of 19×12 + 7 = 235 lunations.


[edit] Lilian (Gregorian) epacts
Despite the statement in the second canon of the Gregorian reform quoted above, the epacts in this calendar can no longer be interpreted exactly as days. The designer (Aloysius Lilius) broke the pure Metonic relation when allowing centennial corrections of the epacts by one unit:

a "solar equation" by decrementing the epact for the years whenever the Gregorian calendar drops a leap day (3 times in 400 Gregorian years)
a "lunar equation" by incrementing the epact 8 times in 2500 Gregorian years.
In the Gregorian calendar, there are 30 possible values for the epact. Epacts always are computed modulo 30, and always indicate the New Moon. Therefore the epacts are in units of 1/30 of a lunation (also called a tithi). However a lunation is less than 30 days, so the epact unit is less than a full day.

This can also be understood from the following fact (please read computus for an explanation of the terms and procedures referred to here): Almost half of the lunations last only 29 days. In the Calendarium 12 days in the year have a double epact label (xxiv,25 and xxvi,25; one of these is used depending on the Golden Number). Therefore the correction of the epact by 1 unit does not always result in a shift of all dates of the New Moon (and Full Moon) by 1 day: for epacts 25 in short lunar months there is no difference. So the epact corrections are less than 1 day on average, and therefore the epact itself is not measured in calendar days.

It may be argued that Lilius applied the "solar equations" in order to bring the lunar calendar back in sync with the original Julian calendar; the "lunar equations" would then make a long-term correction to the approximate Metonic relation between the Julian year and the mean lunation. However, the "lunar equations" are applied at the begin of Gregorian years, not Julian years. The Gregorian epact tables have a period of 5 700 000 years. When counting epacts as days, the lunar calendar does not repeat however with this period, neither in this many Gregorian nor in Julian years.


[edit] See also
Computus

[edit] External links
Latin text and French translation of the Second Canon
Epacts from the Catholic Encyclopedia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epact"
Categories: Calendars | Units of time
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What is the 2005 Energy Policy Act?
The 2005 Energy Policy Act regulates and mandates minimum efficiency regulations, incentives and research dollars for lamps, ballasts, fixtures, LEDs, transformers, electrical equipment, motors and appliances.

Minimum Energy Efficiency Regulations

What is the benefit to my business?
Energy efficiency is a national concern and the 2005 Energy Policy Act gives market-based incentives and solutions to reduce costs and enhance energy efficiency overall. By updating your lighting systems, you can reduce your overall lighting costs. Plus, you can display your commitment to environmental stewardship by using GE ecomagination products which significantly reduce energy consumption.

Are there any tax incentives?
Yes, for commercial buildings. The 2005 Energy Policy Act provides accelerated tax deduction incentives for energy-efficient lighting upgrades completed from 2006 through 2008.

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Federal Fleet Requirements
New Executive Order
On January 24, 2007, President Bush signed Executive Order 13423 - Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management, a comprehensive mandate that revokes E.O. 13149. DOE will issue guidance on the new order soon. To learn more, read the Federal Register notice (PDF 105 KB). Download Adobe Reader.



The Energy Policy Act (EPAct) set forth the statutory requirements for the acquisition of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) by Federal agencies. In fiscal year (FY) 2000 and beyond, 75% of light-duty vehicle (LDV) acquisitions in covered fleets must be AFVs. Vehicles that weigh less than 8,500 lb gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) are considered LDVs. Signed in April 2000, Executive Order (E.O.) 13149 directs Federal agencies to reduce petroleum consumption by 20% in their fleets. In addition E.O. 13149 requires the use of alternative fuels in AFVs. The Executive Order reinforces EPAct.

Through a combination of AFV acquisitions, increased alternative fuel use in AFVs, improved efficiency in non-AFV acquisitions, and improvements in overall fleet operating efficiencies, agencies are required to decrease the annual petroleum consumption of Federal fleets by 20% by 2005 compared with 1999 consumption. E.O. 13149 further strengthens reporting requirements and requires each agency to designate a senior-level official responsible for ensuring the agency's compliance with the Executive Order.

What is EPAct?
The goal of the EPAct is to enhance our nation's energy security. Several parts of the Act were designed to encourage the use of alternative fuels to help reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil. EPAct requirements apply to certain fleets of 20 or more LDVs that are centrally fueled or "capable of being centrally fueled" and are primarily operated in a Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)/Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA). Vehicles heavier than 8,500 lb GVWR or not located or operated primarily in a covered MSA or CMSA are exempt from the requirements. Law enforcement, emergency, and military tactical vehicles are also exempt. For FY 1999 and beyond, 75% of a Federal fleet's covered vehicle acquisitions must be AFVs.

To find out whether your fleet is covered under EPAct, start with the list of MSAs/CMSAs or answer a short series of questions in the Clean Fleet Guide.

Compliance with EPAct is met by AFV acquisition credits, which are granted on the basis of the number of AFVs acquired and the quantity of biodiesel fuel used. Agencies earn one AFV acquisition credit toward EPAct compliance for each AFV acquisition. Extra credits are awarded for dedicated light-, medium-, and heavy-duty AFVs (see table below). Federal fleets cannot bank credits or trade them with other agencies.

The Energy Conservation Reauthorization Act of 1998 (ECRA) amended EPAct to allow fleets to generate one AFV acquisition credit for every 450 gallons of pure biodiesel (B100, equivalent to 2,250 gallons of B20) purchased for use in diesel vehicles more than 8,500 lb GVWR. To receive credit for an AFV acquisition, the biodiesel must be neat (B100) or in blends that contain by volume at least 20% biodiesel (B20). Federal fleets are allowed to use these credits only to fulfill up to 50% of their EPAct requirements. These credits can be claimed only in the year in which the fuel is purchased for use, and they cannot be traded among fleets.

What is E.O. 13149?
E.O. 13149 [(PDF 29 KB) Download Adobe Reader] aims to ensure that the Federal government demonstrates leadership in reducing petroleum consumption through improvements in fleet fuel efficiency and the use of AFVs and alternative fuels. Under E.O. 13149, any Federal agency with a fleet of 20 or more vehicles developed a compliance strategy for reducing its annual petroleum consumption by 20% by the end of FY 2005. Fuel consumption from light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicles was included. However, the fuel consumption of law enforcement, emergency, and military tactical vehicles is exempt from this requirement.

To encourage the use of alternative fuels, E.O. 13149 awards additional credits to fleets that fulfill their EPAct requirements by purchasing dedicated AFVs and using biodiesel fuel. The following table outlines the credit structure for AFV acquisitions.

Situation Earning Credit Dedicated Dual/Flex/Bi-Fuel
Light-duty AFV 2 credits awarded 1 credit
Medium-duty AFV 3 credits awarded 1 credit
Heavy-duty AFV 4 credits awarded 1 credit
Biodiesel fuel use For every 450 gallons of pure biodiesel (equivalent to 2,250 gallons of B20) used in diesel vehicles, fleets are awarded 1 credit. No credits are granted for the petroleum portion of biodiesel fuel blends. 1 credit but only up to 50% of EPAct requirement

For more information, see "Executive Order 13149: Greening the Government through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency" (PDF 137 KB) Download Adobe Reader.

How do I report my annual EPAct and E.O. 13149 activity?
Each agency is required to report annual vehicle acquisition, inventory, fuel economy, and petroleum and alternative fuel consumption data to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by using the online Federal Automotive Statistical Tool (FAST). To obtain a FAST password, contact your agency's FAST trainer.

Federal agencies are also required to provide an annual written compliance report for the previous fiscal year to Congress by February 15 (as changed in 2005). The report must address compliance with the requirements of EPAct and E.O. 13149. This report must be placed on a publicly available Web site, and its availability must be published in the Federal Register.

EPAct/E.O. 13149 Annual Reports
Resources
Federal fleet related resources are available, such as fact sheets outlining EPAct regulations, guidance documents, and more.

For more information on Federal Fleet Requirements, E-mail fed_fleets@afdc.nrel.gov.







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UM Guide to Energy-Efficient Lighting
Green Lighting: What a Bright Idea!
Lighting consumes a greater share of U-M's energy budget than any other function except heating. Each year over $4 million is spent on electricity to operate the lights in the buildings on U-M's Central and North campuses in Ann Arbor. Much of this energy is needed, but a significant portion is consumed unnecessarily in areas that use inefficient or excessive lighting systems.

Inefficient lighting also has a negative impact on the environment, by requiring the combustion of greater quantities of fossil fuels in electric power plants. The burning of coal, oil, or natural gas results in atmospheric pollutants shown to cause acid rain, smog, and global warming.
Many organizations have come to think of lighting as a prime opportunity for cost saving. Not only can the right lighting system lower electricity bills, but it can often make a work environment more comfortable.

The U-M Plant Department has recently undertaken an ambitious program to upgrade many lighting systems so that they operate more efficiently.

This booklet is an attempt to provide some information about lighting systems and the ways they can be made more efficient. Hopefully, with everyone's cooperation, we can transform the U-M campus into an example of efficient and environmentally friendly lighting.



Fluorescent Lighting
As a general rule, U-M uses fluorescent light fixtures to provide illumination in most of its buildings. Fluorescent lighting has been shown to be the most efficient and cost-effective lighting to provide the high quality of illumination suitable for most classrooms, offices, and laboratories.

Because they are so prevalent in U-M buildings, it is worthwhile to understand a little bit about how fluorescent lights work, and the way in which the lamps are rated.

Ballasts:
Fluorescent fixtures produce illumination by passing a low intensity electric current through a special gas. The "ballast" is a device mounted inside a fluorescent fixture which develops the proper voltage needed to start the flow of electricity through the gas, and then regulates the flow in order to stabilize light output once the lamp has been turned on.

In the past, the most common type of ballast was an electromagnetic design which operated at 60 Hertz. Electromagnetic ballasts were cheap and reliable, however they had several drawbacks including noise, light flicker, heat generation, and PCB contamination.

High-Efficiency Electronic Ballasts:
Within the last ten years or so, lamp manufacturers have developed a ballast of electronic design which is rapidly replacing the older, electromagnetic types in most buildings in the U.S. These electronic ballasts operate at frequencies much higher than 60 Hertz; in fact the typical electronic ballast operates at about 20,000 - 25,000 Hertz. Because they control a much higher frequency current, less electric energy is needed to produce the same level of illumination. In addition the high frequency operation eliminates the annoying problems of light flicker and noise which have traditionally been the bane of fluorescent fixtures.

Electromagnetic vs. Electronic Ballasts

Electromagnetic Ballast
Electronic Ballast

Heat
Generates about 30 deg. C more heat than electronic.
Internal losses are less than 8 watts.

Light Flicker
60 Hz frequency causes light flicker levels of 30% or higher.
20,000-25,000Hz frequency produces virtually no detectable flicker.

Noise
Vibrations induced by electromagnetic field causes humming noise.
No audible noise.

Weight
Heavy components coated in heavy protective material.
Weighs about half as much as electro-magnetic type.


Ballast Retrofits:
Because of their obvious advantages, the University of Michigan has made a commitment to replacing worn out electromagnetic ballasts with the newer electronic types. For several years, Plant electricians have followed the practice of installing an electronic ballast whenever an electromagnetic ballast fails. As a result, there are today several thousand electronic ballasts already installed on the U-M campus.

The clear advantage of electronic ballasts has led to the decision in some buildings to make a complete changeover all at once, even though the existing electromagnetic ballasts may still be functioning. The energy cost savings from such a change are is often large enough to justify this approach. In addition, the quality of lighting is usually improved.

Fluorescent Lamps
Fluorescent lamps come in many different ratings. There is a great deal of confusion about what the ratings mean, and which rating is best for a given application. Hopefully, the following discussion will clear up most of the confusion:

Lamp Dimensions:
The older, less-efficient fluorescent lamps were designated as "T-12" lamps, meaning simply that the diameter of the bulb was 1.5 inches. Under Federal regulations adopted in 1992 as part of the "Federal Energy Act of 1992," no T-12 lamps were to be manufactured after October 1995.

T-8 lamps, having a tube diameter of 1.0 inch, are more efficient and are used in place of the old T-12s. T-8 lamps are rated at 32 watts compared to the 40 watt rating of T-12 lamps, and yet they provide the same amount of illumination.
Coloration:
Many people are concerned about whether the "color" produced by the newer fluorescent lamps is as good as what they have become used to. The ability of lamps to render colors is rated by illumination engineers by a Color Rendering Index (CRI). Under the CRI, a light source with a rating of 100 has the same color rendering qualities as sunlight.

The old T-12 fluorescent lamps had a CRI rating of about 62; the light that they produced, while intense, did not have the characteristics of sunlight. That is why you often heard people complaining about the "artificial," or "unnatural" feeling of a room illuminated by the old fluorescent lamps.

The T-8 lamp which the University has adopted as its new standard has a CRI of 75, which is a 21 per cent improvement over the old T-12s. This means that colors should appear truer to sunlight under the T-8 lamps.

Note: Fluorescent lamps are available which have CRI ratings as high as 90, however, the lumen efficiency may be less. In addition, the higher the CRI rating, the more expensive the lamp. In rare applications which require excellent color rendering it may be necessary to install a lamp having a CRI of 85 or higher.


Chromaticity:
The chromaticity of a fluorescent lamp is another parameter used to gauge light quality. Chromaticity refers to the pattern of visible wavelengths emitted by a bulb. Chromaticity is measured in units of degrees Kelvin (K).

Most lamps fall in the range of 2200 to 7500 K. The lower a lamp's Kelvin rating the more it will create a visually "warm" atmosphere, with a slightly pinkish coloration. Many people prefer to use these "warm white" lamps in their homes, because they create coloration which is psychologically warm and restful.

The higher a lamp is rated on the Kelvin scale the "cooler" it will appear, creating bluish tones that some people find harsh or uncomplimentary.

The T-8 lamp which the University has adopted as its standard has a chromaticity of 3500 K. These lamps are considered to be visually "neutral," being neither warm nor cool, and result in improved color rendering for most general office work.


"Full Spectrum" Lamps:
"Full spectrum" lamps are defined as fluorescent lamps having a CRI of 90 or better and a color temperature of 5000 K. They are designed to provide a completely balanced pattern of visible wavelengths for applications where highly accurate color rendering is required. In a sense, full spectrum lamps produce the most accurate colors, however they are not "natural" in the sense that they do not replicate natural sunlight, or the normal conditions in which people view things. Full spectrum lamps are much more costly than regular lamps, and they require more electricity for a given level of light output.


In summary:
The T-8, 3500 K fluorescent lamp was designated as the U-M "standard" in 1993 based upon its improved performance and energy efficiency. The T-8 lamp provides a high quality of light which is suitable for the vast majority of functions carried out in U-M buildings. In most cases, the new T-8 lamp will provide a higher quality of illumination than the T-12 lamps which they replace, in the sense that colors will be truer and closer to natural daylight.

In a few rare instances, certain areas which carry out special functions may require a lamp having different characteristics than the standard T-8. Please contact your Facilities Manager or the lighting engineers in the Utilities Department to discuss these situations and the options which are available.
Ultra-Violet Radiation
With the increased publicity about potential health hazards from ultraviolet radiation, there has been a growth in the public's interest about whether the amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by general lighting fixtures is a health risk.

Virtually all light fixtures emit some amount of ultraviolet radiation. The amount, however, is far below the levels which are found in natural daylight. In fact, they are even lower than the levels produced by daylight filtered through a normal glass window pane. The next table gives "permissible exposure times" for a variety of different lighting fixtures.

A recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration study found that exposure to eight hours of fluorescent lamp light (in a typical office environment) resulted in the same UV radiation as standing in summer sunshine for 72 seconds in Washington, D.C. (1)

(Note: If you have further questions concerning UV exposure from your lighting system, feel free to request more information from OSEH or the Utilities Department.)

Permissible Exposure Time (PET) Table
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has proposed a new standard entitled "Photobiological Safety for Lamps - Risk Group Classification and Labeling," which establishes a Permissible Exposure Time (PET) for existing lamps. Lamps with a PET rating of greater than 8 hours are not considered by ANSI to be a cause for concern.

Light Source Type PET: (hours)
Sun, at 30¡ from zenith (near noon at 40 N latitude): 0.2
Sun, at 60¡ from zenith (~5:00 p.m. in summer): 0.6
Sun, at 80¡ from zenith (10¡ above horizon): 0.8

Incandescent & HalogenIncandescent Lamps
MR 16 50W halogen lamp, without cover glass: 18
MR 16 50W halogen lamp, with cover glass: 600
120 Volt/500W linear quartz halogen: 4.6
120 Volt/350W linear quartz halogen-IRª: 540
PAR38 120W incandescent: 250
PAR38 90W glass halogen: 720
PAR 38 60W quartz halogen-IR: 5,000

Fluorescent Lamps
F40 T12 cool white fluorescent: 16
F32 T8 SP41 (made in US): 30
F32 T8 SP41 (made in UK): 108

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps
400W mercury vapor: 72
400W metal halide: 260
400W high pressure sodium (HPS): 6,800


Other Lighting Systems
Fluorescent lighting is not the only type of lighting found on the U-M campus. Other types of lighting fixtures which are appropriate for certain applications are described below:

Compact Fluorescent Lamps:
If an office or work area is equipped with small incandescent lamps, it may be worthwhile to replace these fixtures with a relatively new device called a "compact fluorescent lamp." A compact fluorescent lamp provides the benefits of fluorescent illumination in a device which can be installed into the screw-in sockets used by incandescent lamps. They are, however, incompatible with circuits which dim lights.

Compact fluorescent lamps can be as much as 80% more efficient and can last more than ten times longer than filament lamps. For instance, a 26 watt compact fluorescent lamp can replace a 100 watt incandescent lamp for a savings of 75%. Compact fluorescent lamps have an average CRI of 82 and come in a wide range of color temperatures. (3)

Halogen Lamps:
When compared to conventional incandescent lamps, tungsten halogen lamps have a longer life, higher efficiency, and compact size. They are, however, more expensive than conventional lamps. Because of these characteristics, they are used in applications such as floodlighting, display and accent lighting, and automobile headlighting.

Even more efficient than regular halogen lamps are Halogen-IR (HIR) lamps. These lamps trap wasted invisible infrared emissions and redirect them to produce more visible light. This results in a more than 40% efficiency gain over standard halogens, while providing the same amount of light output, beam control and compactness as the standard halogen, HIR lamps usually have a chromaticity of 2700-3000K while providing a CRI greater than 96.

Unlike the compact fluorescent lamps, halogens can be used in dimming circuits. At some point in time, halogen lamps may experience bulb blackening due to frequent dimming. This problem can be easily remedied by leaving the lamp on at full brightness for about 8 hours.

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lighting:
These discharge lamps use ballasts to produce light by passing an electric current through a vapor or gas like the fluorescent lamps, rather than through a tungsten wire.

HID lamps are some of the most efficient and long-lived lamps available. They have a long lamp life (approximately 10,000-25,000 hours), high light output and can cover large areas. This makes them a good choice for industrial, commercial, and floodlighting applications.

HID lamps include groups of lamps known as mercury vapor, metal halide (MH), and high pressure sodium (HPS). All three of the lamps can be used for street or parking lot floodlighting and industrial and commercial applications such as gymnasiums and rooms with high ceilings as well as retail merchandise displays. Also, as stated above, some models can also be used in office or classroom applications.

The metal halide and the sodium lamps are more efficient and can have better color rendition4 than the mercury lamps. These two types of lamps can produce over 60% more lumens than a mercury vapor lamp of the same wattage. Also, at the end of the average rated life, a mercury vapor lamp will have dropped down to less than 45% of its initial lumens while the metal halide and sodium lamps will only have dropped to 65% and 80%, respectively10. Due to these drawbacks, U-M no longer uses mercury vapor lamps.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Seasonal Affective Disorder (or SAD) is a recently identified illness characterized by a vague sense of depression during the winter months. It is estimated that SAD affects ten million Americans to some degree or another, 83 per cent of whom are women. (2)

Experiments have shown that SAD is directly related to the amount of light that enters the eyes, which is why it usually worsens when the days shorten in the fall and then subsides in the spring. For some people, light entering the eye is believed to modify hormone levels in the brain, causing feelings of mild depression.

SAD patients are often treated with light therapy which involves periodic exposure to very intense light levels. Upon hearing of this treatment, many people conclude that SAD can be avoided by installing special lights in their home or office. Unfortunately, this is not the case.

The light levels which are used in therapy for SAD patients are extremely intense: somewhere between 5 to 20 times greater (2400-10,000 lux) than normal indoor lighting levels. Therefore, the lighting in an indoor space cannot reasonably be modified to provide the extremely high levels of light needed to be an effective source of therapy. Keep in mind that the hormone levels are usually triggered by sunlight which can have a brightness level of 10,000 lux.

It has also been found by doctors that the "therapeutic light" for SAD does not need to have any special wavelength characteristics; it is the intensity of the light which is important, not the color quality. All types of fluorescent lights are equally effective, so changing the lamps in a room to some special type will not produce a benefit to persons suffering from the SAD syndrome.

Lighting Controls
Another way to save energy on lighting is by insuring that lights are only used when they are needed, or only to the extent they are needed. There are various types of automatic control devices which are sometimes used for this purpose:

Occupancy Sensors:
An occupancy sensor is a device that detects the presence of people in a room and turns off the lights when the room has been unoccupied for a set period of time. When a sensor detects someone entering the room it will turn on the lights again.

There are several different types of sensors; some operate by detecting the heat emitted by a person's body, and some by sensing movement using ultrasonic Doppler technology. It is possible to adjust the time delay to the specific needs of the area being surveyed.

Listed below are a few examples of sensor applications and the typical amount of energy that can be saved in each:
Application Typical Energy Savings

Offices 15-70%
Restrooms 30-75%
Corridors 30-60%
Classrooms 20-75%
Dimming Controls:
If it is not practical to turn off all of the lights in a room, it may be worthwhile to install lighting systems that have dimming capabilities. These allow the reduction of the lighting intensity in a room during periods of non-occupancy. In addition, they are sometimes used to adjust lighting in response to changes in the amount of natural daylight.

It is important to remember that not all lamps work with dimming circuits (compact fluorescent for example). To get this capability, it may be necessary to replace both the lighting fixtures and the lamps.

What You Can Do
Many of the things which are done to improve lighting efficiency at U-M involve the overall design and layout of the lighting system. Once a lighting system is in place, however, there are a number of things that building occupants can do to reduce the energy used for lighting:

Turn off the lights in classrooms, offices or restrooms when the rooms are not occupied. The energy saved by doing so will far outweigh the slight reduction in lamp life.

Consider using desk lamps (so-called "task-lighting") and reducing the overall brightness in the room. In addition to saving energy, this change often creates a more comfortable work environment.



Use natural daylight when possible.
If you spend a lot of time working on a computer, consider reducing the overall brightness level in your room to enhance CRT screen visibility.
Report any lighting problems to your Zone Maintenance office. This might include a burned-out lamp, defective occupancy sensor, or a flickering bulb.
If your building has areas where occupancy sensors are being used, please cooperate with their use.
If a lighting upgrade is being planned in your building, be aware that slight differences in brightness or coloration may be noticeable for a short period. However, in most cases at U-M, light system retrofits actually improve the overall lighting environment.
Conclusion
We hope this booklet has been helpful in answering some of the questions that are most often asked about lighting systems and lighting system retrofits at the University of Michigan. Trying to reduce energy costs should be a concern to all members of the U-M community.

Footnotes
GE Lighting Answer Center. 1-800-933-5489. 1996
Mental Health Association of Colorado, Inc., Denver Colorado 80224. (303) 377-3040.
Spectrum 9200 Catalog, General Electric Company, 1993.
A Mercury lamp CRI = 15-50, sodium lamp = 22-70, metal halide = 65-85. Information taken from the Spectrum 9200 Catalog, General Electric Company, 1993.
For more information about lighting system retrofits or to discuss an energy conservation idea, contact the U-M Utilities Department at 764-2492.

Questions or comments about this document can be directed to Yoshiko Hill (get address) (72.157.177.137).

Content modified: August, 2004

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Energy Efficient Lighting
< live >
Benefits of the Compact Fluorescent Bulbs
Choosing a CFL Bulb
Limitations, Disposal of CFLs
LED Lights, Benefits, Uses
Online Sources for Energy-efficient lighting

• Email newsletter sign up
• Visit Eartheasy's online store
Electric lighting burns up to 25% of the average home energy budget.
The electricity used over the lifetime of a single incandescent bulb costs 5 to 10 times the original purchase price of the bulb itself.

Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) bulbs have revolutionized energy-efficient lighting.

CFLs are simply miniature versions of full-sized fluorescents. They screw into standard lamp sockets, and give off light that looks just like the common incandescent bulbs - not like the fluorescent lighting we associate with factories and schools.

LEDs are small, solid light bulbs which are extremely energy-efficient. New LED bulbs are grouped in clusters with diffuser lenses which have broadened the applications for LED use in the home.

Benefits
Efficient: CFLs are four times more efficient and last up to 10 times longer than incandescents. A 22 watt CFL has about the same light output as a 100 watt incandescent. CFLs use 50 - 80% less energy than incandescents.
Less Expensive: Although initially more expensive, you save money in the long run because CFLs use 1/3 the electricity and last up to 10 times as long as incandescents. A single 18 watt CFL used in place of a 75 watt incandescent will save about 570 kWh over its lifetime. At 8 cents per kWh, that equates to a $45 savings.
Reduces Air and Water Pollution: Replacing a single incandescent bulb with a CFL will keep a half-ton of CO2 out of the atmosphere over the life of the bulb. If everyone in the U.S. used energy-efficient lighting, we could retire 90 average size power plants. Saving electricity reduces CO2 emissions, sulfur oxide and high-level nuclear waste.
High-Quality Light: Newer CFLs give a warm, inviting light instead of the "cool white" light of older fluorescents. They use rare earth phosphors for excellent color and warmth. New electronically ballasted CFLs don't flicker or hum.
Versatile: CFLs can be applied nearly anywhere that incandescent lights are used. Energy-efficient CFLs can be used in recessed fixtures, table lamps, track lighting, ceiling fixtures and porchlights. 3-way CFLs are also now available for lamps with 3-way settings. Dimmable CFLs are also available for lights using a dimmer switch.
Choosing a CFL
CFLs come in many shapes and sizes. When purchasing CFLs, consult the seller for recommendations and consider the following:
• Choose the color temperature, if listed, that’s right for you; for example:
Approx. 2700K = Warm White (looks just like incandescent)
Approx. 5000K = Cool White (white/blue, often higher CRI)

• Choose the shape. CFLs are available in a variety of shapes to fit a range of lamps and lighting fixtures. See below on this page for the most popular CFL shapes.

• Match lumens to the incandescent being replaced. Lumens indicate the amount of light being generated. (Watts is a measure of energy use, not light strength.) To compare lumens and watts see chart below:

..................Incandescent Watts...... . ..CFL Watt range... . . ... .. Lumen Range
40
60
.75
100
150
8 - 10
13 - 18
18 - 22
23 - 28
34 - 42
450
890
1210
1750
2780


Models

CFLs are available in a variety of styles or shapes. Some have two, four, or six tubes. Older models, and specialty models, have separate tubes and ballasts. Some CFLs have the tubes and ballast permanently connected. This allows you to change the tubes without changing the ballast. Others have circular or spiral-shaped tubes. In general, the size or total surface area of the tube determines how much light the bulb produces.

The following CFL bulb models come with standard sockets for easy installation in most common household applications.

Spiral Lamps
These bulbs are designed as a continuous tube in a spiral shape which has similar outside shape and light casting qualities to a standard incandescent bulb. Spiral CFL bulbs are made in several sizes to fit most common fixtures. more info

Triple Tube Lamps
These CFLs have more tubing in a smaller area, which generates even more light in a shorter bulb. They pack high light output into a very small space and can be used in fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs, such as table lamps, reading lamps, open hanging lamps, and bare bulb applications. more info

Standard Lamps
These are spiral lamps with a dome cover. They are designed to give the appearance of the traditional light bulb for consumers looking for the more familiar light bulb appearance. The glass diffuser provides a quality of light similar to the 'soft-white' type of incandescent bulbs. more info

Globe Lamps
This shape is commonly used in bathroom vanity mirrors or open hanging lamps, and bare bulb applications. Bathroom vanities usually require multiple bulbs, which generate radiant heat. The CFL globe will reduce this heat buildup while saving energy. The glass diffuser provides a soft-white light. more info

Flood Lamps
These lamps are designed to be ideal for recessed and track lighting fixtures, indoors and outdoors. They provide diffused, soft, white light, and generate less heat than will an incandescent flood or a halogen bulb. more info

Candelabra
The screw-in torpedo-shape and the small-base of this bulb is designed for smaller light fixtures throughout the house, from chandeliers to sconces. To use a smaller candelabra-based bulb in a regular socket, you can use a socket reducer, available at many hardware stores and home improvement centers.







Limitations
Although CFLs are an excellent source of energy-efficient lighting, they are not always the best choice for all lighting applications. Here are a few limitations to consider:
On/Off cycling: CFLs are sensitive to frequent on/off cycling. Their rated lifetimes of 10,000 hours are reduced in applications where the light is switched on and off very often. Closets and other places where lights are needed for brief illumination should use incandescant bulbs.
Dimmers/Timers: not all CFLs can be used on dimmer switches. Most CFLs can be used with a timer or a three-way fixture. Be sure to check the bulb package, which will indicate if the lamp is not intended for use with electronic timers or photocells. However, use of a timer will shorten the life of a CFL bulb. Note: some manufacturers, such as Philips, have recently introduced "dimmable" CFL bulbs to the market, so this limitation is being addressed.
Outdoors: CFLs can be used outdoors, but should be covered or shaded from the elements. Low temperatures may reduce light levels - check the package label to see if the bulb is suited for outdoor use.
Retail lighting: CFLs are not spot lights. Retail store display lighting usually requires narrow focus beams for stronger spot lighting. CFLs are better for area lighting.
Mercury content: CFLs contain small amounts of mercury which is a toxic metal. This metal may be released if the bulb is broken, or during disposal. New 'Alto' CFL bulbs are now available with low-mercury content. These low-mercury CFLs are available at our online store. For more information about mercury and CFLs, see below.

Mercury and CFLs

Mercury is a toxic metal associated with contamination of water, fish, and food supplies, and can lead to adverse health affects. A CFL bulb generally contains an average of 5 mg of mercury (about one-fifth of that found in the average watch battery, and less than 1/100th of the mercury found in an amalgam dental filling). A power plant will emit 10mg of mercury to produce the electricity to run an incandescent bulb compared to only 2.4mg of mercury to run a CFL for the same time. The net benefit of using the more energy efficient lamp is positive, and this is especially true if the mercury in the fluorescent lamp is kept out of the waste stream when the lamp expires.

All fluorescent lamps do not contain the same amount of mercury. Philips lamps with Alto Lamp Technology, for instance, contain less mercury than conventional fluorescent lamps. Philips claims the bulbs have the lowest amount of mercury of any bulb on the market at less than 3.8 mg per bulb. To achieve this, Philips uses a specially developed mercury capsule which ensures the exact amount of mercury is placed in a tiny glass capsule which is attached to the lamp cathode. To purchase the new 'Alto' CFLs, click here.

Important Note: Handling and Disposal of CFLs

The mercury in compact fluorescent bulbs poses no threat while in the bulb, but if you break one:
- open a window and leave the room for 15 minutes or more
- immediately use a wet rag to clean it up and put all of the pieces, and the rag, into a plastic bag
- place all materials in a second sealed plastic bag
- call your local recycling center to see if they accept this material, otherwise put it in your local trash. Wash your hands afterward.
- if bulb breaks on a carpet, pick up pieces using sticky tape. If any debris remains, use the vacuum and dispose of vacuum bag by sealing it in plastic bags (as above), before disposal.

Although household CFL bulbs may legally be disposed of with regular trash (in most US states), they are categorized as household hazardous waste. As long as the waste is sent to a modern municipal landfill, the hazard to the environment is limited. However, CFLs should not be sent to an incinerator, which would disperse the mercury into the atmosphere.

The best solution is to save spent CFLs for a community household hazardous waste collection, which would then send the bulbs to facilities capable of treating, recovering or recycling them. For more information on CFL disposal or recycling, you can contact your local municipality.


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LED Lighting
LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are small, solid light bulbs which are extremely energy-efficient.

Until recently, LEDs were limited to single-bulb use in applications such as instrument panels, electronics, pen lights and, more recently, strings of outdoor Christmas lights.
Recent improvements in manufacture have lowered the cost of LEDs, which has expanded their application. The bulbs are now available in clusters, from 2 to 36 bulbs, and are popular especially for battery powered items such as flashlights and headlamps. LEDs are also available in arrays which fit standard AC and DC receptacles, lamps, recessed and track lights.
Benefits:
Long-lasting - LED bulbs last 10 times as long as compact fluorescents, and 133 times longer than typical incandescents.
Durable - Since LEDs do not have a filament, they are not damaged under circumstances when a regular incandescent bulb would be broken. Because they are solid, LED bulbs hold up well to jarring and bumping.
Cool - these bulbs do not cause heat build-up; LEDs produce 3.4 btu's/hour, compared to 85 for incandescent bulbs.
Energy-saving - LEDs use a fraction of the wattage of incandescent bulbs. Batteries will last 10 to 15 times longer than with incandescent bulbs. Also, because these bulbs last for years, energy is saved in maintenance and replacement costs. Many cities in the US are replacing their incandescent traffic lights with LED arrays because the electricity costs can be reduced by 80% or more.
Light for remote areas - because of the low power requirement for LEDs, using solar panels becomes more practical and less expensive than running an electric line or using a generator for lighting.

Limitations:
Cost - although the cost keeps going down, LEDs are still expensive. A single AC bulb (30 LED), replacing a 25 watt incandescent, may cost about $40.
Light Field - LEDs are focused lights, and therefore are best as task specific lighting such as reading lights, desk lamps, night lights, spotlights, security lights, signage lighting, etc. They do not radiate light in 360 degrees as an incandescent does. The light will be bright where you point it towards.

New designs in LED bulbs are addressing this problem of directional focus. Diffuser lenses with clustered bulbs are becoming more common on the market which is broadening the applications for LED use in the home.

LED Colors:
Red - red is the traditional color for maintaining night vision.
Green - green is now the preferred color for pilots and the military. The green color is also great for retaining night vision, and it doesn’t erase the red markings on maps and charts.
Blue - many people like the blue because it is very easy on the eyes. Blue appears to be a good reading light for elderly eyes. Elderly folks report that they can read under the blue light for hours without eyestrain, compared to severe eyestrain in less than 30 minutes with incandescent lighting.
White - the most popular of the LED colors. It produces a soft white light, without harsh reflection, glare or shadows.
Amber - LED amber bulbs do not attract flying insects, as do ordinary white bulbs. Amber LEDs are used outdoors in areas such as patios and decks where insects flying around lights are a nuisance.

Although LEDs are expensive, the cost is recouped over time and in battery savings. For the AC bulbs and large cluster arrays, the best value comes from commercial use where maintenance and replacement costs are expensive. Traffic lights, for example, are being switched over to LEDs in many cities.

Smaller arrays, such as those in flashlights, headlamps and small task lights are great for specialty and outdoor use. New clustered arrays with various lenses are now available for more residential applications.



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Energy-Efficient Lighting: Online Sources

Compact fluorescent light bulbs are available at your local lighting store, many hardware and home supply stores. Online sources often have greater selection.

CFLs and LEDs are also available online at Eartheasy's online store.



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